1/20/2024 0 Comments Pi3k pathway![]() ![]() As a result of a continuous glucose supply, the level of ATP is constantly increasing. Glucose-6-phosphate enters the glycolysis, which results in the production of ATP molecules. Inside the cell, glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate, which prevents the equalization of glucose levels and sustained transport to the cell. GLUT2 facilitates transport with a concentration gradient. When glucose concentration exceeds 30 mM in the small intestine, glucose transport to the inside of the pancreatic β cells is initiated in an insulin-independent way via GLUT2 ( Figure 1). This is achieved by an increased translocation of the insulin-dependent glucose carriers (GLUT), with GLUT-4 being found in skeletal muscle, hepatocytes, and adipocytes. By increasing insulin production and its impact on effector cells (myocytes, adipocytes, and hepatocytes), glucose transport to the inside of the cells gets increased while reducing blood glucose level. The most important stimulus for insulin production is a postprandial increase of blood glucose level. Insulin is a multitask protein involved, among others, in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism ( Table 1). This is followed by the excision of the middle fragment (C chain-35 aa), which gives dipeptide made up of two chains (A-21 aa, B-30 aa) connected by two disulfide bonds. First, preproinsulin is processed via cutting of the signal fragment and forming proinsulin. Insulin is an anabolic peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic β cells, whose mature form arises in two stages. ![]()
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